Resonances.......fritz mueller
Resonances | ||
Copyright © 2012 Fritz Mueller |
Resonances and Chladni PatternsGuitars, like other musical instruments, display several distinct resonances that are important determinants in the sound of the instrument. These resonances occur at a range of frequencies and, interestingly, have unique shapes that usually appear in a predictable pattern as one progresses from low to high frequency (or low to high notes, to use musical terminology). The behavior of the resonances is complex and is not especially well understood by physicists, particularly in regard to the question of what makes a great guitar. Nevertheless, I have found resonances to be a very useful tool for improving and giving consistency to my instruments. Dealing with wolf notes, dead notes, and issues such as balance, power, and timbre, plus many others, are all made much easier with a knowledge of resonances. For centuries luthiers have tapped wood with their knuckles to learn the pitch (or frequency) of the resonances involved, and that method, involving hands and ears and musical judgment, is unlikely to ever be replaced. However, it is also very helpful if the builder can see the shape of a resonance as well as hear it, and for that other methods are available. Physicists use holography and other sophisticated techniques to see the resonances, but in the working guitar shop, a simple and very effective method is the creation of resonance patterns using a sound generator, a speaker, and tea leaves. These resonance patterns or modes are often called Chladni patterns, named for the German physicist, Ernst Chladni, who first developed the technique in the nineteenth century. |
Here is the equipment I use in my shop to create Chladni patterns. Only the tea leaves are missing! The tea leaves vibrate to non-moving areas of the top (called nodes). This is the fundamental resonance of a recent guitar, and its frequency shows on the counter. At 193 hertz (cycles per second) it is very close to the frequency of G3. Here are a few other resonances of the same guitar. You can see how the patterns change as the frequency rises. This is 270 hertz. |
289 hertz. |
307 hertz. |
388 hertz. |
410 hertz. |
432 hertz. |
508 hertz. |
551 hertz. |
So how do the resonances, as heard with a tap of a knuckle or seen in a Chladni pattern, relate to the musical qualities of the instrument? At a resonance a guitar is vibrating very efficiently, which means that the notes whose frequencies are near that resonance are strong and easy to produce. When you play along the strings on most guitars, you notice that some notes are slightly louder, with a faster attack and better definition. These notes are being supported by a resonance. Conversely, the notes that are quiet and sluggish (or even dead) probably don’t have a resonance nearby to help them. In order to achieve balance and evenness, the luthier’s task is to disperse the resonances so that they can support notes everywhere on the fingerboard, from the lowest bass notes all the way up to the highest frets on the 1st string. If the goal is to have a stronger treble, then the luthier tries to have more and/or stronger resonances occur at higher frequencies. And if a more powerful bass is the objective, then the resonances at lower frequencies are emphasized. Part of the challenge for the luthier is to locate the frequencies of the resonances close to those of the notes to be supported, but not at exactly the same pitch. Wolf notes are examples of notes that are supported too closely by a resonance. At the particular pitch of the wolf note, the resonance is allowing the guitar to work so easily that the sound is loud and honky. The solution is to move the resonance away from the note; sometimes a distance of only a few hertz is adequate. The fundamental (or lowest) resonances of the top and back are important factors in the basic tonality of the guitar. In actuality, the physics of the guitar are so complex and so little understood that setting the resonances of the top and back plates at particular frequencies can only be an approximation – a form of shorthand – for all that is really happening. Nevertheless, these resonances do seem to determine qualities inherent in the character of the instrument. Show an experienced player a guitar with fundamental resonances set high (or low) and the comment is likely to be: “Nice, but it doesn’t really sound like a classical guitar.” The fundamental resonances of the tops of the Hauser guitars that I have examined range from F# (185 hertz) to G (196 hertz). It is my understanding that Segovia’s famous Hauser (which I have not examined) also has a top resonance near G, and for many years I have taken this as a target for my own work. Segovia’s Hauser also apparently has a back resonance near A (220 hertz), which corresponds with my own research on other Hauser instruments, and which I use as a target resonance for the back. Initially, of course, I used these targets on traditionally-built, solid top instruments. Now I use them to give my double-top guitars the familiar, beautiful classical guitar tonality. In the future I hope to enlarge this discussion of resonances, but because the topic is probably of interest only to builders and technically-minded players, I plan to put it in a separate section of my website. I welcome correspondence from both players and builders about the subject. |
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번호 | 제목 | 글쓴이 | 날짜 | 조회 수 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1731 | [re] 스몰맨과 죤 윌리엄스~ | Acunetix | 2009.11.29 | 1 |
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1729 | 사소한 줄 묶을때 신경쓸것들 | 수 | 2024.05.12 | 118 |
1728 | 1만년 가는 악기.... 고금 | 수 | 2024.05.06 | 186 |
1727 | 칠하기전과 칠한후 기타소리변화 | 수 | 2024.05.06 | 196 |
1726 | 12홀 브리지 | 수 | 2024.05.06 | 197 |
1725 | 30년 건조된 이탈리안 스프르스 | 수 | 2024.04.14 | 380 |
1724 | 350년된 스트라디바리우스 | 수 | 2024.04.14 | 394 |
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1720 | 오른손연습용 기타 | 수 | 2024.02.21 | 547 |
1719 | 기타수명은 200년 이상 | 수 | 2024.02.07 | 700 |
1718 | 남미 로즈우드 | 수 | 2024.02.11 | 724 |
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1716 | 떨어진 상목 붙이기 | 수 | 2024.01.21 | 829 |
1715 | Pau ferro 에 대하여 | seo b k | 2023.10.31 | 875 |
1714 | 20프렛 장착 | 수 | 2023.12.01 | 955 |
1713 | 수분에 대하여 | seo b k | 2023.10.31 | 960 |
1712 | 갈라짐 수리 | 수 | 2024.01.01 | 979 |
1711 | 두랄미늄 새들 | 수 | 2023.11.02 | 982 |
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1707 | GMI 튜닝머신 소개_2023년 10월 출시 | 순돌이아빠 | 2023.10.07 | 1238 |
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1705 | 635 사이즈도 좋아요 | 수 | 2023.06.12 | 1289 |
1704 | 7현기타 | 수 | 2023.06.14 | 1351 |
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1702 | 1달러짜리 기타줄 | 수 | 2023.05.17 | 1432 |
1701 | 조하르 | 수 | 2023.09.27 | 1448 |
1700 | 류트의 자산 1 | 수 | 2023.02.25 | 1461 |
1699 | 첨 작업해보는 재료 | 수 | 2023.07.03 | 1502 |
1698 | Saddle 가공에 대한 질문 2 | 아키 | 2023.06.26 | 1504 |
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1696 | 3피스 넥 핑거보드 | 수 | 2023.01.19 | 1549 |
1695 | 5 piece guitar 1 | 수 | 2023.01.27 | 1555 |
1694 | 백화현상 2 | 연어 | 2023.06.18 | 1581 |
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1692 | 하현주 재질 1 | seo b k | 2023.01.25 | 1607 |
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1684 | 건강한 프렛 | 수 | 2022.09.04 | 1726 |
1683 | 쉘락도장 보호하기 2 | seo b k | 2023.04.04 | 1739 |
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1680 | tornaboz | 수 | 2022.09.04 | 1763 |
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1663 | 류트....닥나무 한지. 2 | 수 | 2022.01.11 | 2542 |
1662 | 데오르보 이야기 | 수 | 2021.09.24 | 2799 |
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1658 | 브리지 핀 | 수 | 2020.08.29 | 3221 |
1657 | 8현기타 오래만에보니 | 수 | 2021.10.20 | 3384 |
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1655 | 프렛 | 수 | 2020.07.20 | 3476 |
1654 | 뒤판을 교체하는 작업 | 수 | 2020.05.29 | 3514 |
1653 | 브리지 핀 완성품 2 | 수 | 2020.09.20 | 3645 |
1652 | Karl Heinz Roemmich | 형서기 | 2000.10.16 | 3662 |
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1650 | 오래된 기타 새로 칠하기 | 수 | 2020.07.09 | 3679 |
1649 | 기타 앞면에 사용되는 원목관련 문의드립니다 3 | 릿지우드 | 2020.08.17 | 3682 |
1648 | ☞ 제발 귀 좀 귀울여 주심 안될까요? | sendy | 2000.11.06 | 3709 |
1647 | 급해서 지송... | 지우압바 | 2000.10.30 | 3711 |
1646 | ☞ 맨나중프렛이.... | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 3715 |
1645 | 저 대신 조언을 부탁드립니다. | 셰인 | 2001.01.31 | 3718 |
1644 | 기타학원아시는 분 꼭 글좀 남겨주세요! | 소정이 | 2000.12.02 | 3720 |
1643 | ☞ ☞ ☞ 역시 연주가는 악기만드는거 50%는 따돈거야.. | 형서기 | 2000.12.28 | 3727 |
1642 | ☞:노창님~ 어떤음반 듣고싶어요? | 명노창 | 2000.10.08 | 3734 |
1641 | 질문) 영자님 Bernhard Kresse란 어떤 악기이죠? | illiana | 2000.10.21 | 3742 |
1640 | ☞ ☞ 사용소감 | 김진성 | 2001.06.14 | 3748 |
1639 | 귀찮기는요. 기쁘게 보내드리죠. | 고은별 | 2000.10.12 | 3751 |
1638 | 기타 초보인데... | 기타 | 2000.11.14 | 3752 |
1637 | 내 조회수 돌리도................ | 명노창 | 2000.10.23 | 3758 |
1636 | 브리지 12홀 제작 2 | 수 | 2020.08.29 | 3762 |
1635 | 광합에는 콘베가 없어여. | 지우압바 | 2000.11.02 | 3769 |
1634 | 손이 기준이죠.... | 수 | 2000.12.20 | 3777 |
1633 | 귀찮지 않으시다면... | 가스파르 | 2000.10.10 | 3778 |
1632 | 궁금한것이 있어서요....... | 이재화 | 2000.10.11 | 3781 |
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