Resonances.......fritz mueller
Resonances | ||
Copyright © 2012 Fritz Mueller |
Resonances and Chladni PatternsGuitars, like other musical instruments, display several distinct resonances that are important determinants in the sound of the instrument. These resonances occur at a range of frequencies and, interestingly, have unique shapes that usually appear in a predictable pattern as one progresses from low to high frequency (or low to high notes, to use musical terminology). The behavior of the resonances is complex and is not especially well understood by physicists, particularly in regard to the question of what makes a great guitar. Nevertheless, I have found resonances to be a very useful tool for improving and giving consistency to my instruments. Dealing with wolf notes, dead notes, and issues such as balance, power, and timbre, plus many others, are all made much easier with a knowledge of resonances. For centuries luthiers have tapped wood with their knuckles to learn the pitch (or frequency) of the resonances involved, and that method, involving hands and ears and musical judgment, is unlikely to ever be replaced. However, it is also very helpful if the builder can see the shape of a resonance as well as hear it, and for that other methods are available. Physicists use holography and other sophisticated techniques to see the resonances, but in the working guitar shop, a simple and very effective method is the creation of resonance patterns using a sound generator, a speaker, and tea leaves. These resonance patterns or modes are often called Chladni patterns, named for the German physicist, Ernst Chladni, who first developed the technique in the nineteenth century. |
Here is the equipment I use in my shop to create Chladni patterns. Only the tea leaves are missing! The tea leaves vibrate to non-moving areas of the top (called nodes). This is the fundamental resonance of a recent guitar, and its frequency shows on the counter. At 193 hertz (cycles per second) it is very close to the frequency of G3. Here are a few other resonances of the same guitar. You can see how the patterns change as the frequency rises. This is 270 hertz. |
289 hertz. |
307 hertz. |
388 hertz. |
410 hertz. |
432 hertz. |
508 hertz. |
551 hertz. |
So how do the resonances, as heard with a tap of a knuckle or seen in a Chladni pattern, relate to the musical qualities of the instrument? At a resonance a guitar is vibrating very efficiently, which means that the notes whose frequencies are near that resonance are strong and easy to produce. When you play along the strings on most guitars, you notice that some notes are slightly louder, with a faster attack and better definition. These notes are being supported by a resonance. Conversely, the notes that are quiet and sluggish (or even dead) probably don’t have a resonance nearby to help them. In order to achieve balance and evenness, the luthier’s task is to disperse the resonances so that they can support notes everywhere on the fingerboard, from the lowest bass notes all the way up to the highest frets on the 1st string. If the goal is to have a stronger treble, then the luthier tries to have more and/or stronger resonances occur at higher frequencies. And if a more powerful bass is the objective, then the resonances at lower frequencies are emphasized. Part of the challenge for the luthier is to locate the frequencies of the resonances close to those of the notes to be supported, but not at exactly the same pitch. Wolf notes are examples of notes that are supported too closely by a resonance. At the particular pitch of the wolf note, the resonance is allowing the guitar to work so easily that the sound is loud and honky. The solution is to move the resonance away from the note; sometimes a distance of only a few hertz is adequate. The fundamental (or lowest) resonances of the top and back are important factors in the basic tonality of the guitar. In actuality, the physics of the guitar are so complex and so little understood that setting the resonances of the top and back plates at particular frequencies can only be an approximation – a form of shorthand – for all that is really happening. Nevertheless, these resonances do seem to determine qualities inherent in the character of the instrument. Show an experienced player a guitar with fundamental resonances set high (or low) and the comment is likely to be: “Nice, but it doesn’t really sound like a classical guitar.” The fundamental resonances of the tops of the Hauser guitars that I have examined range from F# (185 hertz) to G (196 hertz). It is my understanding that Segovia’s famous Hauser (which I have not examined) also has a top resonance near G, and for many years I have taken this as a target for my own work. Segovia’s Hauser also apparently has a back resonance near A (220 hertz), which corresponds with my own research on other Hauser instruments, and which I use as a target resonance for the back. Initially, of course, I used these targets on traditionally-built, solid top instruments. Now I use them to give my double-top guitars the familiar, beautiful classical guitar tonality. In the future I hope to enlarge this discussion of resonances, but because the topic is probably of interest only to builders and technically-minded players, I plan to put it in a separate section of my website. I welcome correspondence from both players and builders about the subject. |
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번호 | 제목 | 글쓴이 | 날짜 | 조회 수 |
---|---|---|---|---|
533 | ☞:홀에 대해서 질문... | 몽자삼촌 | 2000.06.12 | 3982 |
532 | 야광기타. | 귀똘이 | 2000.06.09 | 4310 |
531 | ☞:구멍많은 기타들.... | CC | 2000.06.11 | 5045 |
530 | 기타의 재료는 꼭 나무이어야만 하는가? | CC | 2000.06.08 | 4683 |
529 | 비브라토 기타. | 귀똘이 | 2000.06.07 | 4589 |
528 | 상현주가 쇠라면??? 플렛이 뼈라면??? | 간절한 | 2001.10.25 | 4078 |
527 | 기타의 6번줄 변칙튜닝에 대해.. 3 | 으랏차차 | 2001.10.16 | 4576 |
526 | [질문]락커칠 기타 앞판에 대해서??? 1 | 간절한 | 2001.10.10 | 4649 |
525 | 뭰히 길들이기 II 1 | 산넘 | 2001.10.09 | 4457 |
524 | 세르게이 디용의 기타...캐나다 토론토....2000. | 메니아 | 2001.10.07 | 4498 |
523 | [정보] 기타용 댐핏에 대하여.... 3 | 木香 | 2001.10.06 | 5621 |
522 | 만화속 기타이야기. | 지얼 | 2001.10.05 | 4711 |
521 | 습도에 따른 기타바디의 변형... 1 | 木香 | 2001.10.03 | 4686 |
520 | [기사] 북한의 기타. 7 | 눈물반짝 | 2001.10.03 | 5145 |
519 | 양쉐페이....그녀에게 누가 그렇게 많은기타를 주었나? 5 | 지방맨. | 2001.10.01 | 5126 |
518 | John Gilbert의 제자의 홈페이지(그런대로 재밌습당) 2 | 간절한 | 2001.09.30 | 4123 |
517 | 질문입니다. 항공이 타원형이라면... 1 | 1_sunny | 2001.09.16 | 4400 |
516 | Dominique Field를 아시나요??? 6 | 간절한 | 2001.09.16 | 4822 |
515 | 뭰히 길들이기... 6 | 산넘 | 2001.09.12 | 5312 |
514 | 라미레스 4e를 쳐보고... 21 | 으랏차차 | 2001.09.09 | 5546 |
513 | 소리가 트인다는게...어떤거죠?? 6 | 고정욱 | 2001.09.09 | 4396 |
512 | 일반적인 클래식 기타와 플라멩코 기타의 차이점이 무엇인가여? 7 | 바실리스크 | 2001.09.07 | 4770 |
511 | 튜닝팩이 문제인가, 아니면 기타가??? 앙~도와주세용^^** | 간절한 | 2001.09.05 | 4027 |
510 | 질문..스프루스기타에 대해서 질문있습니다.. 7 | 김희도 | 2001.09.05 | 4499 |
509 | 질문염... 옆뒤판을 마호가니로 만들면 로즈우드하고 음색이 어떤 차이가 있을까요? | 우 | 2001.09.04 | 5846 |
508 | Guitarlele 3 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 4780 |
507 | 베트남산 비단뱀 기타 2 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 4223 |
506 | 베트남산 비단뱀 기타 1 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 4469 |
505 | Sitar 3 1 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 4170 |
504 | Sitar 2 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 3996 |
503 | Sitar. 2 | ganesha | 2001.09.04 | 4110 |
502 | 황미나의 레드문과 밤과꿈 8 | EGOIST | 2001.09.04 | 6141 |
501 | 궁금한데여...기타여.. 16 | 정말초보 | 2001.09.02 | 3998 |
500 | 안녕하세요 홈에는 첨이네요... 자료실만 왔었는데... 저기 질문염.. 3 | 우 | 2001.09.02 | 3815 |
499 | 자문자답 | 병서기 | 2001.08.31 | 3884 |
498 | 동문서답. 1 | 병서기님 팬 | 2001.08.31 | 4084 |
497 | 이그나시오 로자스가 어리 갔나 했더니... | 매냐 | 2001.08.29 | 3892 |
496 | 친구가 기타샀다. 3 | 매냐 | 2001.08.29 | 3933 |
495 | 기타 잘 받았습니다. 4 | 쇼팽 | 2001.08.22 | 4287 |
494 | 음질의 이중성. 1 | 날카론시각. | 2001.08.27 | 3830 |
493 | 장마철관리는 faq에서 읽어보셔요. | 수 | 2001.08.22 | 4042 |
492 | k.hofner 클래식기타... 4 | 木香 | 2001.08.18 | 5952 |
491 | 구입한지 반년정도지났는데... | kosams | 2001.08.17 | 3966 |
490 | 넥의 넓이는.. | 저기 | 2001.08.16 | 4442 |
489 | 인도에선 상아구하기 힘들당. 3 | 수 | 2001.08.13 | 4392 |
488 | 나도,,, 25 | loveromero | 2001.08.02 | 4005 |
487 | 부쉐 다뤄보기... 5 | 난넘 | 2001.08.02 | 4036 |
486 | 클래식기타, 포크기타의 현높이... 1 | 木香 | 2001.07.21 | 5604 |
485 | 이런 기타 스텐드... 4 | 木香 | 2001.07.21 | 5241 |
484 | 한가지더 질문인데요.... 기타줄은.. 1 | 느끼오빠 | 2001.07.19 | 4667 |
483 | 수님아 질문인데요.... 앞판을.. "하카란다"란 나무로.. | 느끼오빠 | 2001.07.19 | 4128 |
482 | 똥글똥글한 소리.. 맑고 투명한 소리.. 심금을 울리는 소리.. 6 | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.19 | 4794 |
481 | 라왕으로 기타를 만든다면.... 2 | 간절한 | 2001.07.18 | 4228 |
480 | 케이스를 한번 만들어보면? 3 | 최성우 | 2001.07.15 | 3898 |
479 | 케이스에 대한 질문. 1 | 최성우 | 2001.07.14 | 3896 |
478 | ☞ 케이스를 한번 만들어보면? | 木香 | 2001.07.15 | 4413 |
477 | ☞ 케이스에 대한 질문. 1 | 기타랑 | 2001.07.14 | 4227 |
476 | 새로 단장한 흑단 지판.. 7 | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.13 | 4279 |
475 | ☞ 지판을 딱을 때... | 木香 | 2001.07.14 | 3923 |
474 | 평시엔 기타를 케이스에서 내어놓아야 좋은가요? 1 | 렐리우스 | 2001.07.12 | 4025 |
473 | 중요한건 습도가 얼마나 되느냐죠. | 수 | 2001.07.13 | 3844 |
472 | 도데체 어떤 마술을 부리셨길레... 수님!! | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.11 | 4509 |
471 | 현은 지판에 안 닿아도 누군가는 지판에 닿아요. 4 | 수 | 2001.07.12 | 5186 |
470 | 아마추어-.-a 클래식기타 인터넷 방송합니다~~~ | ㅎㅎㅎ | 2001.07.11 | 4381 |
469 | ☞ 줄은 지판에 닿지 않는데.... 4 | 셰인 | 2001.07.11 | 3945 |
468 | 수님께선 어쿠스틱 기타 제작은 안하시나요? ^^;;;; | 짱팔이 | 2001.07.11 | 3895 |
467 | 수님 질문이 한가지 있습니다. | 목향 | 2001.07.10 | 3926 |
466 | 얼마전 100호기타를 구입했는데... 18 | 렐리우스 | 2001.07.09 | 4228 |
465 | . 1 | 수 | 2001.07.09 | 4783 |
464 | 왜 기타가 깨질까 | 방가방가 | 2001.07.02 | 4249 |
463 | 요즘은 장마철이라 습도가 높져... 1 | 수 | 2001.07.02 | 3868 |
462 | 기타줄 바꾸고 싶은데 뭘로하죠? 5 | 노경문 | 2001.06.30 | 4719 |
461 | 스몰맨..................... 7 | YO | 2001.06.28 | 4591 |
460 | 제 기타가 이상해여....ㅜ.ㅜ 7 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.26 | 3843 |
459 | ☞ 오호호호~ 2 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.28 | 4084 |
458 | 기타와 장마 2 | 새내기 | 2001.06.25 | 3974 |
457 | 장마철엔 조심해야죠........ 1 | 수 | 2001.06.26 | 3943 |
456 | 수님~! 3 | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 3853 |
455 | 저 7 | 수 | 2001.06.22 | 3854 |
454 | 기타왔습니다 3 | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 3914 |
453 | ☞ 맨나중프렛이.... | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 3744 |
452 | 기타로 오도바일타자.... 4 | 멋쟁이 | 2001.06.20 | 4534 |
451 | 맨나중프렛이.... | 수 | 2001.06.22 | 3823 |
450 | 기타줄에 대한 글들이 많은데여.. 7 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.18 | 4482 |
449 | 또 기타줄... 8 | 김진성 | 2001.06.13 | 4530 |
448 | 국산기타현.... 3 | 수 | 2001.06.19 | 4230 |
447 | ☞ 또 기타줄... 4 | ganesha | 2001.06.15 | 4058 |
446 | 아~ 기타줄... 4 | 김진성 | 2001.06.13 | 4233 |
445 | ☞ 사용소감 4 | Lew | 2001.06.14 | 3972 |
444 | ☞ ☞ 사용소감 | 김진성 | 2001.06.14 | 3776 |
443 | 계열이가 여기에?! | 기혀니 | 2001.07.08 | 3820 |
442 | 행복한? 기타 18 | 새내기 | 2001.06.12 | 5136 |
441 | 로자스 3페이지 | 최성우 | 2001.06.11 | 4025 |
440 | 로자스 얘기가 많군요.. 1 | 최성우 | 2001.06.11 | 4361 |
439 | 현장길이가 모예요? 5 | chobo | 2001.06.11 | 5201 |
438 | 헤드머쉰은 기타의 왕관이다! 1 | 으랏차차 | 2001.06.09 | 5458 |
437 | 현장길이가 모냐면여.... 2 | 수 | 2001.06.12 | 5148 |
436 | 이그나시오 로자스가 합판기타를?? 1 | 으랏차차 | 2001.06.01 | 4134 |
435 | '사바레즈 '의 특징은 뭐예요? 4 | 진 | 2001.05.31 | 5638 |
434 | 현이 가늘죠. | 수 | 2001.05.31 | 4459 |
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