Resonances.......fritz mueller
Resonances | ||
Copyright © 2012 Fritz Mueller |
Resonances and Chladni PatternsGuitars, like other musical instruments, display several distinct resonances that are important determinants in the sound of the instrument. These resonances occur at a range of frequencies and, interestingly, have unique shapes that usually appear in a predictable pattern as one progresses from low to high frequency (or low to high notes, to use musical terminology). The behavior of the resonances is complex and is not especially well understood by physicists, particularly in regard to the question of what makes a great guitar. Nevertheless, I have found resonances to be a very useful tool for improving and giving consistency to my instruments. Dealing with wolf notes, dead notes, and issues such as balance, power, and timbre, plus many others, are all made much easier with a knowledge of resonances. For centuries luthiers have tapped wood with their knuckles to learn the pitch (or frequency) of the resonances involved, and that method, involving hands and ears and musical judgment, is unlikely to ever be replaced. However, it is also very helpful if the builder can see the shape of a resonance as well as hear it, and for that other methods are available. Physicists use holography and other sophisticated techniques to see the resonances, but in the working guitar shop, a simple and very effective method is the creation of resonance patterns using a sound generator, a speaker, and tea leaves. These resonance patterns or modes are often called Chladni patterns, named for the German physicist, Ernst Chladni, who first developed the technique in the nineteenth century. |
Here is the equipment I use in my shop to create Chladni patterns. Only the tea leaves are missing! The tea leaves vibrate to non-moving areas of the top (called nodes). This is the fundamental resonance of a recent guitar, and its frequency shows on the counter. At 193 hertz (cycles per second) it is very close to the frequency of G3. Here are a few other resonances of the same guitar. You can see how the patterns change as the frequency rises. This is 270 hertz. |
289 hertz. |
307 hertz. |
388 hertz. |
410 hertz. |
432 hertz. |
508 hertz. |
551 hertz. |
So how do the resonances, as heard with a tap of a knuckle or seen in a Chladni pattern, relate to the musical qualities of the instrument? At a resonance a guitar is vibrating very efficiently, which means that the notes whose frequencies are near that resonance are strong and easy to produce. When you play along the strings on most guitars, you notice that some notes are slightly louder, with a faster attack and better definition. These notes are being supported by a resonance. Conversely, the notes that are quiet and sluggish (or even dead) probably don’t have a resonance nearby to help them. In order to achieve balance and evenness, the luthier’s task is to disperse the resonances so that they can support notes everywhere on the fingerboard, from the lowest bass notes all the way up to the highest frets on the 1st string. If the goal is to have a stronger treble, then the luthier tries to have more and/or stronger resonances occur at higher frequencies. And if a more powerful bass is the objective, then the resonances at lower frequencies are emphasized. Part of the challenge for the luthier is to locate the frequencies of the resonances close to those of the notes to be supported, but not at exactly the same pitch. Wolf notes are examples of notes that are supported too closely by a resonance. At the particular pitch of the wolf note, the resonance is allowing the guitar to work so easily that the sound is loud and honky. The solution is to move the resonance away from the note; sometimes a distance of only a few hertz is adequate. The fundamental (or lowest) resonances of the top and back are important factors in the basic tonality of the guitar. In actuality, the physics of the guitar are so complex and so little understood that setting the resonances of the top and back plates at particular frequencies can only be an approximation – a form of shorthand – for all that is really happening. Nevertheless, these resonances do seem to determine qualities inherent in the character of the instrument. Show an experienced player a guitar with fundamental resonances set high (or low) and the comment is likely to be: “Nice, but it doesn’t really sound like a classical guitar.” The fundamental resonances of the tops of the Hauser guitars that I have examined range from F# (185 hertz) to G (196 hertz). It is my understanding that Segovia’s famous Hauser (which I have not examined) also has a top resonance near G, and for many years I have taken this as a target for my own work. Segovia’s Hauser also apparently has a back resonance near A (220 hertz), which corresponds with my own research on other Hauser instruments, and which I use as a target resonance for the back. Initially, of course, I used these targets on traditionally-built, solid top instruments. Now I use them to give my double-top guitars the familiar, beautiful classical guitar tonality. In the future I hope to enlarge this discussion of resonances, but because the topic is probably of interest only to builders and technically-minded players, I plan to put it in a separate section of my website. I welcome correspondence from both players and builders about the subject. |
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번호 | 제목 | 글쓴이 | 날짜 | 조회 수 |
---|---|---|---|---|
633 | ☞:대박찬스....기회는 자주없수다. | 개풀 | 2000.09.16 | 4154 |
632 | 정말대박일까? | 개삐다구. | 2000.09.16 | 4376 |
631 | ☞:평균율=> 실용적인 악기 제작을 위한 타협 | 개발(CC) | 2000.09.16 | 4731 |
630 | 음정에 관해 | 개풀 | 2000.09.13 | 4687 |
629 | ☞:평균율은 원래 고개 절래절래 하데요? | 안진수 | 2000.09.14 | 4528 |
628 | ☞:음정에 관해 | 안진수 | 2000.09.14 | 4529 |
627 | ☞:평균율은 원래 고개 절래절래 하데요? | 개풀 | 2000.09.14 | 4416 |
626 | ☞:음메 어려운거...... | 명노창 | 2000.09.16 | 3861 |
625 | ☞:확실히... | 개털 | 2000.09.16 | 4440 |
624 | 차라리.. | 길가던나그네 | 2000.09.16 | 4562 |
623 | ☞:확실히... | 개풀 | 2000.09.16 | 4120 |
622 | 다들 왜 이러지? 호호호! | 99.9% | 2000.09.16 | 4596 |
621 | 고질적 문제 3번선... | 개털 | 2000.09.08 | 4706 |
620 | ☞:음정에 관해 | 개뼈다구 | 2000.09.14 | 4617 |
619 | ☞:음정에 관해 | 안진수 | 2000.09.14 | 4385 |
618 | ☞:고질적 문제 3번선... | 안진수 | 2000.09.14 | 4522 |
617 | 킁킁...논쟁을 위한 준비 운동 | 개코 | 2000.09.02 | 4531 |
616 | ☞:고질적 문제 3번선... 동감함다. | 개뼈다구 | 2000.09.08 | 4381 |
615 | ☞:고질적 문제 3번선... | 개발 | 2000.09.09 | 4429 |
614 | ☞:저도 한몫 거들지요.....(내용없음) | 명노창 | 2000.09.02 | 4430 |
613 | 3번선이 얇아지면 해결? | 개팔자 | 2000.09.13 | 5328 |
612 | 개발님의 글은... | 희정 | 2000.09.09 | 3968 |
611 | 3번선이 얇아지면 해결? | 개풀 | 2000.09.13 | 5057 |
610 | 개풀님 기타 알아맞추기.... | 개풀 | 2000.09.14 | 4362 |
609 | 개풀입니다2 | 개풀 | 2000.09.01 | 4418 |
608 | 개풀입니다1 | 개풀 | 2000.08.31 | 4903 |
607 | 내가 원하는 기타는... | 지우압바 | 2000.08.25 | 4656 |
606 | 개풀환영. | 개 삐다구 | 2000.08.31 | 4510 |
605 | ☞:개코입니다. | 개코 | 2000.08.31 | 4455 |
604 | ☞:개발입니다. | 개발 | 2000.09.01 | 4919 |
603 | ☞:내가 원하는 기타는... | 김남호 | 2000.08.27 | 3840 |
602 | 좋은 생각입니다.. | 개털 | 2000.09.01 | 4530 |
601 | ☞: 얼마전에 고노를 사랑한다고 했다가 님으로 부터 뒤지게 욕먹은.... | 명노창 | 2000.09.01 | 5207 |
600 | ☞: 전 명노창님 욕한적 없는데요? 흐흐흑... | 개발 | 2000.09.01 | 3930 |
599 | ☞: 전 명노창님 욕한적 없는데요? 흐흐흑... | 개풀 | 2000.09.01 | 4457 |
598 | 고음의 명료함이라... | 형서기 | 2000.08.22 | 4352 |
597 | ☞:내가 원하는 기타는... | 개풀 | 2000.08.25 | 4150 |
596 | 역시 내가 원하는 악기도... | 泳瑞父 | 2000.08.25 | 4165 |
595 | 2%님은 나머지 98%를 어따 뒀어? | sophia | 2000.08.19 | 4870 |
594 | 가장 음량이 큰 기타는 ?? | 지우압바 | 2000.08.18 | 5181 |
593 | ☞개풀님은 나머지 98%를 어따 뒀어? | 개풀 | 2000.08.19 | 4237 |
592 | 사오정?...으..부들부들 | sophia | 2000.08.19 | 4361 |
591 | 사오정?...으..부들부들 | 개풀 | 2000.08.19 | 4279 |
590 | 음량의 이중성. | 개풀 | 2000.08.18 | 4209 |
589 | 71번글. 글쎄요? 과연 그럴까요? | 개풀 | 2000.08.17 | 4291 |
588 | 가장큰음량의 기타? | 지우압바 | 2000.08.18 | 4355 |
587 | 음량의 이중성. | sophia | 2000.08.18 | 4944 |
586 | 제 뜻은 옆판과 뒷판은 비중적으로 앞판과 정다른 가장 단단한 나무를 사용해야... | 개풀 | 2000.08.29 | 5339 |
585 | 앞판은 세상에서 가장연한 나무로 그리고 옆판과 뒤판은 대리석을 얇게 짤라서.... 1 | 명노창 | 2000.08.05 | 5649 |
584 | 하하 ...내친구... | 화음 | 2000.08.17 | 5278 |
583 | 개풀님~ 하하 ...다혈질이시져? | 개풀 | 2000.08.18 | 3886 |
582 | 제 뜻은 옆판과 뒷판은 비중적으로 앞판과 정다른 가장 단단한 나무를 사용해야... | 명노창 | 2000.08.29 | 5189 |
581 | 짧은 식견이지만.. | 개풀 | 2000.09.01 | 4288 |
580 | 감사합니다=^^=명노창님 | 김남호 | 2000.08.05 | 5184 |
579 | ☞:앞판은 세상에서 가장연한 나무로 그리고 옆판과 뒤판은 대리석을 얇게 짤라서.... | 개풀 | 2000.08.31 | 3839 |
578 | ☞:기타줄 받으셨는지 궁금하군요... | 명노창 | 2000.08.16 | 4123 |
577 | 짧은 식견이지만.. | 화음 | 2000.08.31 | 4264 |
576 | ☞:감사합니다=^^=명노창입니다. | 명노창 | 2000.08.05 | 4352 |
575 | ☞:감사합니다=^^=명노창입니다. | 김남호 | 2000.08.06 | 4156 |
574 | 광주 사시는 분이셨군요. | 지우압바 | 2000.08.12 | 4405 |
573 | 광주 사시는 분이셨군요. | 김남호 | 2000.08.12 | 4231 |
572 | 대불대에 클래식 기타아과가? 1 | 泳瑞父 | 2000.08.15 | 4977 |
571 | 대불대에 클래식 기타아과가? | 김남호 | 2000.08.16 | 4623 |
570 | 아! 만재 선생님이 거기 계시는 군요! | 泳瑞父 | 2000.08.16 | 4035 |
569 | 명노창님께 질문 | 김남호 | 2000.07.30 | 4230 |
568 | 그로피우스기타 , | 말괄량이 | 2000.07.07 | 4729 |
567 | ☞:안녕하세요..명노창입니다. | 명노창 | 2000.08.04 | 3825 |
566 | ☞:안녕하세요..명노창입니다.80년대 당시 고노기타가격... | 명노창 | 2000.08.05 | 5164 |
565 | ☞:안녕하세요..명노창입니다. | 김남호 | 2000.08.16 | 4080 |
564 | 게놈기타. | 말괄량이 | 2000.07.07 | 4005 |
563 | aaa앞판가격은.... | 명노창 | 2000.07.04 | 4627 |
562 | ☞:게놈기타. | 화음 | 2000.07.21 | 4185 |
561 | ☞:aaa앞판가격은.... | 명노창 | 2000.08.04 | 4471 |
560 | maple 넥... | cc | 2000.07.04 | 5049 |
559 | ☞:aaa앞판가격은.... | 피어리나 | 2000.07.17 | 4579 |
558 | 내손으로 만듭시다.어떡해? | 영서부 | 2000.07.04 | 4062 |
557 | 기타만들고파~ | ganesha | 2000.07.04 | 3863 |
556 | 베란다기타 실패... | 명노창 | 2000.07.04 | 4797 |
555 | 저도 고노인데.... | 명노창 | 2000.07.04 | 4535 |
554 | 현을 바꾸고서... | 은정 | 2000.07.04 | 5022 |
553 | 앞판 색에 관한 질문 | 泳瑞父 | 2000.06.25 | 4359 |
552 | . | 웅수 | 2000.06.25 | 4960 |
551 | 별난 기타아에 관한 몇가지 의문? | 泳瑞父 | 2000.06.24 | 4225 |
550 | ☞:바이스 버거? | 지우압바 | 2000.07.01 | 6589 |
549 | ☞:weissgerber가 맞아요.. | 말괄량이 | 2000.07.04 | 4144 |
548 | 자꾸 남의 글에 re해서 죄송합니다..... | cc | 2000.06.16 | 4231 |
547 | f홀 기타..... | 말괄량이 | 2000.06.15 | 5914 |
546 | 혹시 | 지우압바 | 2000.06.23 | 4904 |
545 | 독일식 스페인식. | 풀만먹고. | 2000.06.13 | 4440 |
544 | 스페인식 vs 독일식. | 풀만먹고. | 2000.06.13 | 5930 |
543 | 탄현에너지의 분산에 관하여... | 명노창 | 2000.06.12 | 4166 |
542 | 그런데 고노도 독일식기탄가요.... | 명노창 | 2000.06.13 | 4356 |
541 | ☞:탄현에너지의 분산에 관하여... | cc | 2000.06.14 | 4981 |
540 | 그런데 고노도 독일식기탄가요.... | 풀만먹고. | 2000.06.13 | 4410 |
539 | 홀에 대해서 질문... | 몽자삼촌 | 2000.06.12 | 5372 |
538 | ☞:탄현에너지의 분산에 관하여... | hiena | 2000.06.12 | 4019 |
537 | ☞:홀에 대해서 질문... | bronto | 2000.06.15 | 3890 |
536 | 기타의 순결? | 말괄량이 | 2000.06.12 | 4632 |
535 | ☞:홀에 대해서 질문... | cc | 2000.06.14 | 4075 |
534 | ☞:홀에 대해서 질문... | cc | 2000.06.14 | 4395 |
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