Resonances.......fritz mueller
Resonances | ||
Copyright © 2012 Fritz Mueller |
Resonances and Chladni PatternsGuitars, like other musical instruments, display several distinct resonances that are important determinants in the sound of the instrument. These resonances occur at a range of frequencies and, interestingly, have unique shapes that usually appear in a predictable pattern as one progresses from low to high frequency (or low to high notes, to use musical terminology). The behavior of the resonances is complex and is not especially well understood by physicists, particularly in regard to the question of what makes a great guitar. Nevertheless, I have found resonances to be a very useful tool for improving and giving consistency to my instruments. Dealing with wolf notes, dead notes, and issues such as balance, power, and timbre, plus many others, are all made much easier with a knowledge of resonances. For centuries luthiers have tapped wood with their knuckles to learn the pitch (or frequency) of the resonances involved, and that method, involving hands and ears and musical judgment, is unlikely to ever be replaced. However, it is also very helpful if the builder can see the shape of a resonance as well as hear it, and for that other methods are available. Physicists use holography and other sophisticated techniques to see the resonances, but in the working guitar shop, a simple and very effective method is the creation of resonance patterns using a sound generator, a speaker, and tea leaves. These resonance patterns or modes are often called Chladni patterns, named for the German physicist, Ernst Chladni, who first developed the technique in the nineteenth century. |
Here is the equipment I use in my shop to create Chladni patterns. Only the tea leaves are missing! The tea leaves vibrate to non-moving areas of the top (called nodes). This is the fundamental resonance of a recent guitar, and its frequency shows on the counter. At 193 hertz (cycles per second) it is very close to the frequency of G3. Here are a few other resonances of the same guitar. You can see how the patterns change as the frequency rises. This is 270 hertz. |
289 hertz. |
307 hertz. |
388 hertz. |
410 hertz. |
432 hertz. |
508 hertz. |
551 hertz. |
So how do the resonances, as heard with a tap of a knuckle or seen in a Chladni pattern, relate to the musical qualities of the instrument? At a resonance a guitar is vibrating very efficiently, which means that the notes whose frequencies are near that resonance are strong and easy to produce. When you play along the strings on most guitars, you notice that some notes are slightly louder, with a faster attack and better definition. These notes are being supported by a resonance. Conversely, the notes that are quiet and sluggish (or even dead) probably don’t have a resonance nearby to help them. In order to achieve balance and evenness, the luthier’s task is to disperse the resonances so that they can support notes everywhere on the fingerboard, from the lowest bass notes all the way up to the highest frets on the 1st string. If the goal is to have a stronger treble, then the luthier tries to have more and/or stronger resonances occur at higher frequencies. And if a more powerful bass is the objective, then the resonances at lower frequencies are emphasized. Part of the challenge for the luthier is to locate the frequencies of the resonances close to those of the notes to be supported, but not at exactly the same pitch. Wolf notes are examples of notes that are supported too closely by a resonance. At the particular pitch of the wolf note, the resonance is allowing the guitar to work so easily that the sound is loud and honky. The solution is to move the resonance away from the note; sometimes a distance of only a few hertz is adequate. The fundamental (or lowest) resonances of the top and back are important factors in the basic tonality of the guitar. In actuality, the physics of the guitar are so complex and so little understood that setting the resonances of the top and back plates at particular frequencies can only be an approximation – a form of shorthand – for all that is really happening. Nevertheless, these resonances do seem to determine qualities inherent in the character of the instrument. Show an experienced player a guitar with fundamental resonances set high (or low) and the comment is likely to be: “Nice, but it doesn’t really sound like a classical guitar.” The fundamental resonances of the tops of the Hauser guitars that I have examined range from F# (185 hertz) to G (196 hertz). It is my understanding that Segovia’s famous Hauser (which I have not examined) also has a top resonance near G, and for many years I have taken this as a target for my own work. Segovia’s Hauser also apparently has a back resonance near A (220 hertz), which corresponds with my own research on other Hauser instruments, and which I use as a target resonance for the back. Initially, of course, I used these targets on traditionally-built, solid top instruments. Now I use them to give my double-top guitars the familiar, beautiful classical guitar tonality. In the future I hope to enlarge this discussion of resonances, but because the topic is probably of interest only to builders and technically-minded players, I plan to put it in a separate section of my website. I welcome correspondence from both players and builders about the subject. |
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번호 | 제목 | 글쓴이 | 날짜 | 조회 수 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1342 | 아유...그런거 지천이야요... | 수 | 2001.05.06 | 7691 |
1341 | ☞ 기타의 수명이 짧다는 것이 근거없다는 어느 가설 | 셰인 | 2001.05.08 | 11673 |
1340 | ☞ 형석님 글 정말 잘 읽었습니다. | 꼬 | 2001.05.06 | 11559 |
1339 | 수님~. 기타 부품에 관해서~ 2 | 김현영 | 2001.05.05 | 8860 |
1338 | 국산 악기에 관하여. | 형서기 | 2001.05.06 | 12580 |
1337 | ☞ 하현주를 낮추면??? ... 글쎄요...??? | pepe | 2001.05.07 | 8798 |
1336 | 기타 고르는데요...잘 모르겠어여...ㅠㅠ 3 | 민 | 2001.05.06 | 10348 |
1335 | ☞ t-brace. 5 | 서정실 | 2001.05.09 | 11032 |
1334 | 할 줄 아는 것이 정말 없고낭....쩝.... 1 | 간절한 | 2001.05.08 | 10370 |
1333 | 하현주를 낮추면??? 2 | 간절한 | 2001.05.07 | 11071 |
1332 | 존 윌리암스가 기타를 스몰맨으로 바꾼이유. 11 | 길벗맨 | 2001.05.08 | 11505 |
1331 | Dieter Hopf 8 | 박카스 | 2001.05.09 | 12220 |
1330 | 브릿지와 새들의 접합면이 이상해서 글 올립니다용. 5 | 간절한 | 2001.05.09 | 9366 |
1329 | ☞흐어~ 제가 파는게 아니오라 그냥 퍼온광고임다. (내용무) | 셰인 | 2001.05.11 | 9776 |
1328 | 기타줄을 새로 바껐는데여... 4 | ... | 2001.05.10 | 7880 |
1327 | 힌베스 팝니다. 1 | 셰인 | 2001.05.11 | 13501 |
1326 | 해드 머쉰 을 구하고 싶은데요? 2 | 5급 | 2001.05.11 | 9507 |
1325 | 수님 홈피에... 2 | 일자무식 | 2001.05.16 | 7645 |
1324 | 국산50호 기타... | 형서기 | 2001.05.16 | 10029 |
1323 | 제 경험에 의하면 1 | 서정실 | 2001.05.17 | 12434 |
1322 | 기타줄 장력의 차이? | 문병준 | 2001.05.17 | 8956 |
1321 | 현이 높이 뜨면 습한거죠. 5 | 수 | 2001.05.17 | 9915 |
1320 | 맨날 헷갈리는데.. 습도와 넥의 휘는 방향의 관계가.... 4 | 기타랑 | 2001.05.17 | 9614 |
1319 | 셸락칠은 약해요, 원래. 4 | 수 | 2001.05.18 | 8032 |
1318 | 몇가지만 더 여쭤 볼게여~~~ 3 | 기타랑 | 2001.05.18 | 8764 |
1317 | 으라차차님 기타는 더 좋아질거예요. 2 | 수 | 2001.05.19 | 8554 |
1316 | 기타의 소리 교정..(수 님께..) 3 | 으랏차차 | 2001.05.18 | 9548 |
1315 | 일년간 쉬는 원목기타라..... 1 | 수 | 2001.05.24 | 10197 |
1314 | ☞ 기타에 현을 매었을 때.... | 라일 | 2001.05.29 | 9344 |
1313 | 사바레스 하이텐션이람.. 2 | 뽀짱 | 2001.05.27 | 13354 |
1312 | 어찌야쓰까이잉~ 7 | 멋쟁이 | 2001.05.23 | 8811 |
1311 | 기타에 현을 매었을 때.... 2 | 늦깎이 | 2001.05.24 | 10653 |
1310 | [잡담]사바레즈 하이텐션.. 9 | 으랏차차 | 2001.05.28 | 11392 |
1309 | 현이 가늘죠. | 수 | 2001.05.31 | 8528 |
1308 | '사바레즈 '의 특징은 뭐예요? 4 | 진 | 2001.05.31 | 10985 |
1307 | 이그나시오 로자스가 합판기타를?? 1 | 으랏차차 | 2001.06.01 | 8157 |
1306 | 현장길이가 모냐면여.... 2 | 수 | 2001.06.12 | 11290 |
1305 | 헤드머쉰은 기타의 왕관이다! 1 | 으랏차차 | 2001.06.09 | 9976 |
1304 | 현장길이가 모예요? 5 | chobo | 2001.06.11 | 10310 |
1303 | 로자스 얘기가 많군요.. 1 | 최성우 | 2001.06.11 | 10368 |
1302 | 로자스 3페이지 | 최성우 | 2001.06.11 | 8967 |
1301 | 행복한? 기타 18 | 새내기 | 2001.06.12 | 10276 |
1300 | 계열이가 여기에?! | 기혀니 | 2001.07.08 | 8091 |
1299 | ☞ ☞ 사용소감 | 김진성 | 2001.06.14 | 8304 |
1298 | ☞ 사용소감 4 | Lew | 2001.06.14 | 8104 |
1297 | 아~ 기타줄... 4 | 김진성 | 2001.06.13 | 7879 |
1296 | ☞ 또 기타줄... 4 | ganesha | 2001.06.15 | 8832 |
1295 | 국산기타현.... 3 | 수 | 2001.06.19 | 8851 |
1294 | 또 기타줄... 8 | 김진성 | 2001.06.13 | 8974 |
1293 | 기타줄에 대한 글들이 많은데여.. 7 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.18 | 10067 |
1292 | 맨나중프렛이.... | 수 | 2001.06.22 | 6523 |
1291 | 기타로 오도바일타자.... 4 | 멋쟁이 | 2001.06.20 | 9744 |
1290 | ☞ 맨나중프렛이.... | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 8142 |
1289 | 기타왔습니다 3 | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 7969 |
1288 | 저 7 | 수 | 2001.06.22 | 8224 |
1287 | 수님~! 3 | 박카스 | 2001.06.22 | 6916 |
1286 | 장마철엔 조심해야죠........ 1 | 수 | 2001.06.26 | 9758 |
1285 | 기타와 장마 2 | 새내기 | 2001.06.25 | 7999 |
1284 | ☞ 오호호호~ 2 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.28 | 8497 |
1283 | 제 기타가 이상해여....ㅜ.ㅜ 7 | 고정욱 | 2001.06.26 | 7631 |
1282 | 스몰맨..................... 7 | YO | 2001.06.28 | 9603 |
1281 | 기타줄 바꾸고 싶은데 뭘로하죠? 5 | 노경문 | 2001.06.30 | 9530 |
1280 | 요즘은 장마철이라 습도가 높져... 1 | 수 | 2001.07.02 | 8607 |
1279 | 왜 기타가 깨질까 | 방가방가 | 2001.07.02 | 8358 |
1278 | . 1 | 수 | 2001.07.09 | 9536 |
1277 | 얼마전 100호기타를 구입했는데... 18 | 렐리우스 | 2001.07.09 | 9159 |
1276 | 수님 질문이 한가지 있습니다. | 목향 | 2001.07.10 | 8859 |
1275 | 수님께선 어쿠스틱 기타 제작은 안하시나요? ^^;;;; | 짱팔이 | 2001.07.11 | 6431 |
1274 | ☞ 줄은 지판에 닿지 않는데.... 4 | 셰인 | 2001.07.11 | 9260 |
1273 | 아마추어-.-a 클래식기타 인터넷 방송합니다~~~ | ㅎㅎㅎ | 2001.07.11 | 9658 |
1272 | 현은 지판에 안 닿아도 누군가는 지판에 닿아요. 4 | 수 | 2001.07.12 | 9898 |
1271 | 도데체 어떤 마술을 부리셨길레... 수님!! | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.11 | 9907 |
1270 | 중요한건 습도가 얼마나 되느냐죠. | 수 | 2001.07.13 | 8050 |
1269 | 평시엔 기타를 케이스에서 내어놓아야 좋은가요? 1 | 렐리우스 | 2001.07.12 | 8846 |
1268 | ☞ 지판을 딱을 때... | 木香 | 2001.07.14 | 8030 |
1267 | 새로 단장한 흑단 지판.. 7 | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.13 | 9091 |
1266 | ☞ 케이스에 대한 질문. 1 | 기타랑 | 2001.07.14 | 9129 |
1265 | ☞ 케이스를 한번 만들어보면? | 木香 | 2001.07.15 | 9118 |
1264 | 케이스에 대한 질문. 1 | 최성우 | 2001.07.14 | 12997 |
1263 | 케이스를 한번 만들어보면? 3 | 최성우 | 2001.07.15 | 7296 |
1262 | 라왕으로 기타를 만든다면.... 2 | 간절한 | 2001.07.18 | 10037 |
1261 | 똥글똥글한 소리.. 맑고 투명한 소리.. 심금을 울리는 소리.. 6 | 으랏차차 | 2001.07.19 | 10505 |
1260 | 수님아 질문인데요.... 앞판을.. "하카란다"란 나무로.. | 느끼오빠 | 2001.07.19 | 9008 |
1259 | 한가지더 질문인데요.... 기타줄은.. 1 | 느끼오빠 | 2001.07.19 | 9705 |
1258 | 이런 기타 스텐드... 4 | 木香 | 2001.07.21 | 10381 |
1257 | 클래식기타, 포크기타의 현높이... 1 | 木香 | 2001.07.21 | 10036 |
1256 | 부쉐 다뤄보기... 5 | 난넘 | 2001.08.02 | 8927 |
1255 | 나도,,, 25 | loveromero | 2001.08.02 | 14273 |
1254 | 인도에선 상아구하기 힘들당. 3 | 수 | 2001.08.13 | 9530 |
1253 | 넥의 넓이는.. | 저기 | 2001.08.16 | 9079 |
1252 | 구입한지 반년정도지났는데... | kosams | 2001.08.17 | 8291 |
1251 | k.hofner 클래식기타... 4 | 木香 | 2001.08.18 | 11511 |
1250 | 장마철관리는 faq에서 읽어보셔요. | 수 | 2001.08.22 | 10192 |
1249 | 음질의 이중성. 1 | 날카론시각. | 2001.08.27 | 8840 |
1248 | 기타 잘 받았습니다. 4 | 쇼팽 | 2001.08.22 | 11299 |
1247 | 친구가 기타샀다. 3 | 매냐 | 2001.08.29 | 8336 |
1246 | 이그나시오 로자스가 어리 갔나 했더니... | 매냐 | 2001.08.29 | 6739 |
1245 | 동문서답. 1 | 병서기님 팬 | 2001.08.31 | 10133 |
1244 | 자문자답 | 병서기 | 2001.08.31 | 12946 |
1243 | 안녕하세요 홈에는 첨이네요... 자료실만 왔었는데... 저기 질문염.. 3 | 우 | 2001.09.02 | 7696 |
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