Resonances.......fritz mueller
Resonances | ||
Copyright © 2012 Fritz Mueller |
Resonances and Chladni PatternsGuitars, like other musical instruments, display several distinct resonances that are important determinants in the sound of the instrument. These resonances occur at a range of frequencies and, interestingly, have unique shapes that usually appear in a predictable pattern as one progresses from low to high frequency (or low to high notes, to use musical terminology). The behavior of the resonances is complex and is not especially well understood by physicists, particularly in regard to the question of what makes a great guitar. Nevertheless, I have found resonances to be a very useful tool for improving and giving consistency to my instruments. Dealing with wolf notes, dead notes, and issues such as balance, power, and timbre, plus many others, are all made much easier with a knowledge of resonances. For centuries luthiers have tapped wood with their knuckles to learn the pitch (or frequency) of the resonances involved, and that method, involving hands and ears and musical judgment, is unlikely to ever be replaced. However, it is also very helpful if the builder can see the shape of a resonance as well as hear it, and for that other methods are available. Physicists use holography and other sophisticated techniques to see the resonances, but in the working guitar shop, a simple and very effective method is the creation of resonance patterns using a sound generator, a speaker, and tea leaves. These resonance patterns or modes are often called Chladni patterns, named for the German physicist, Ernst Chladni, who first developed the technique in the nineteenth century. |
Here is the equipment I use in my shop to create Chladni patterns. Only the tea leaves are missing! The tea leaves vibrate to non-moving areas of the top (called nodes). This is the fundamental resonance of a recent guitar, and its frequency shows on the counter. At 193 hertz (cycles per second) it is very close to the frequency of G3. Here are a few other resonances of the same guitar. You can see how the patterns change as the frequency rises. This is 270 hertz. |
289 hertz. |
307 hertz. |
388 hertz. |
410 hertz. |
432 hertz. |
508 hertz. |
551 hertz. |
So how do the resonances, as heard with a tap of a knuckle or seen in a Chladni pattern, relate to the musical qualities of the instrument? At a resonance a guitar is vibrating very efficiently, which means that the notes whose frequencies are near that resonance are strong and easy to produce. When you play along the strings on most guitars, you notice that some notes are slightly louder, with a faster attack and better definition. These notes are being supported by a resonance. Conversely, the notes that are quiet and sluggish (or even dead) probably don’t have a resonance nearby to help them. In order to achieve balance and evenness, the luthier’s task is to disperse the resonances so that they can support notes everywhere on the fingerboard, from the lowest bass notes all the way up to the highest frets on the 1st string. If the goal is to have a stronger treble, then the luthier tries to have more and/or stronger resonances occur at higher frequencies. And if a more powerful bass is the objective, then the resonances at lower frequencies are emphasized. Part of the challenge for the luthier is to locate the frequencies of the resonances close to those of the notes to be supported, but not at exactly the same pitch. Wolf notes are examples of notes that are supported too closely by a resonance. At the particular pitch of the wolf note, the resonance is allowing the guitar to work so easily that the sound is loud and honky. The solution is to move the resonance away from the note; sometimes a distance of only a few hertz is adequate. The fundamental (or lowest) resonances of the top and back are important factors in the basic tonality of the guitar. In actuality, the physics of the guitar are so complex and so little understood that setting the resonances of the top and back plates at particular frequencies can only be an approximation – a form of shorthand – for all that is really happening. Nevertheless, these resonances do seem to determine qualities inherent in the character of the instrument. Show an experienced player a guitar with fundamental resonances set high (or low) and the comment is likely to be: “Nice, but it doesn’t really sound like a classical guitar.” The fundamental resonances of the tops of the Hauser guitars that I have examined range from F# (185 hertz) to G (196 hertz). It is my understanding that Segovia’s famous Hauser (which I have not examined) also has a top resonance near G, and for many years I have taken this as a target for my own work. Segovia’s Hauser also apparently has a back resonance near A (220 hertz), which corresponds with my own research on other Hauser instruments, and which I use as a target resonance for the back. Initially, of course, I used these targets on traditionally-built, solid top instruments. Now I use them to give my double-top guitars the familiar, beautiful classical guitar tonality. In the future I hope to enlarge this discussion of resonances, but because the topic is probably of interest only to builders and technically-minded players, I plan to put it in a separate section of my website. I welcome correspondence from both players and builders about the subject. |
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번호 | 제목 | 글쓴이 | 날짜 | 조회 수 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1442 | ☞ 스몰맨 기타에 대해... | 형서기 | 2001.02.18 | 9890 |
1441 | 부산가서 베르나베 6현 쳐 보고... | 미니압바 | 2001.02.18 | 10210 |
1440 | 스몰맨 기타에 대해... | 으랏차차 | 2001.02.18 | 9882 |
1439 | 기타 수리에 대하여 | alteclub | 2001.02.19 | 8362 |
1438 | 덜렁이님 기타 넘 좋다!!!!!! | illiana | 2001.02.19 | 15764 |
1437 | 호세 루비오 | 과객 | 2001.02.20 | 10120 |
1436 | 궁금 | guitarra | 2001.02.20 | 8526 |
1435 | 마린몬테로 아저씨....아니 할아버지..... | 명노창 | 2001.02.20 | 10457 |
1434 | 이게 바로..중국제 스몰맨 카피 기타..! | 으랏차차 | 2001.02.21 | 9932 |
1433 | 로버트 락 아저씨...... | 명노창 | 2001.02.22 | 9729 |
1432 | 지금 내가 치는기타... (심심해서 올려요..^^) | 으랏차차 | 2001.02.22 | 9006 |
1431 | ☞ 스테판 슈미트의 악기.... | 미니압바 | 2001.02.26 | 11755 |
1430 | 시적왈츠 악보구해요~ | 은표 | 2001.02.24 | 12257 |
1429 | 스테판 슈미트의 악기를 알고싶읍니다. | 매니선 | 2001.02.25 | 8553 |
1428 | 수님............ | 이재화 | 2001.02.28 | 12711 |
1427 | Jonathan Hinves 덧붙여.. | 형서기 | 2001.03.08 | 10183 |
1426 | ☞ Jonathan Hinves는요..(형서기님 설명 좀 더해줘요) | 궁금이 | 2001.03.07 | 12079 |
1425 | ☞ Jonathan Hinves악기 사진..... | 명노창 | 2001.03.02 | 11026 |
1424 | Jonathan Hinves는요.. | 형서기 | 2001.03.02 | 14762 |
1423 | 이작펄먼의 바이올린. | 수 | 2001.02.28 | 8436 |
1422 | Jonathan Hinves는... | 마~당발 | 2001.03.01 | 11964 |
1421 | 줄이 두겹씩 되어있는 기타? | 해피보이 | 2001.03.01 | 11151 |
1420 | 어린칭구가 연주할 기타는 얼마나 작아야죠? | 김종표 | 2001.03.02 | 7992 |
1419 | 어린이용 기타아 | 문병준 | 2001.03.02 | 12873 |
1418 | 어린이용 기타 | 마~당발 | 2001.03.03 | 10732 |
1417 | ☞ 라미레즈 갖고시퍼라 | csr | 2001.03.07 | 10583 |
1416 | 라미레즈 갖고시퍼라 | 라미레즈팬 | 2001.03.03 | 8356 |
1415 | 몇번본 베르나베. | 수 | 2001.03.06 | 9070 |
1414 | 베르나베라는 악기가 궁금합니다 | 악기사랑 | 2001.03.06 | 12584 |
1413 | ☞ 8현사랑. | 피어리나 | 2001.03.17 | 10759 |
1412 | ☞ 중국은 황사로 너무 건조한가보네요. | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.09 | 8613 |
1411 | 다현기타의 특징및 제작가는? | illiana | 2001.03.06 | 11098 |
1410 | ☞ ☞ 중국은 황사로 너무 건조한가보네요.(정정) | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.09 | 12778 |
1409 | ☞뜨아..울림은 좋을것 같은데 맑지는 않을것 같다... | 명노창 | 2001.03.10 | 8260 |
1408 | 기타 뒷판이 터지면???? | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.08 | 8212 |
1407 | Thurman Guitar | 고정석 | 2001.03.09 | 30168 |
1406 | 기타 계간지가 있다고 들었는데.. | 윤성규 | 2001.03.13 | 10488 |
1405 | 수님 반갑습니다....그리구요.. | yosip | 2001.03.14 | 8914 |
1404 | ☞ ☞ 수제품기타의 정의....개인적인 생각. | 피어리나 | 2001.03.17 | 10796 |
1403 | 기타를 사랑한다 하면서도 | maria | 2001.03.15 | 8847 |
1402 | 수제품기타의 정의는? | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.16 | 8673 |
1401 | 지나가던 녀석입니다.. (-.-) (_._) 꾸벅! | 변태원숭이 | 2001.03.17 | 11888 |
1400 | 직업때문에 연주회 구경 못가는 심정 | 백영업 | 2001.03.17 | 8586 |
1399 | 셸락칠의 단점극복에 기대하며... | 수 | 2001.03.18 | 8714 |
1398 | ☞ 베르나베 연습용은 하청... | ^_^ | 2001.03.19 | 9841 |
1397 | 세락을 능가하는 한국 고유의 "황칠" | 일랴나 | 2001.03.17 | 12704 |
1396 | 나의 베르나베는 이렇게 1 | LAEL | 2001.03.18 | 9371 |
1395 | 이병우의 기타 컬렉션.. | ganesha | 2001.03.22 | 12616 |
1394 | ☞ ☞ ☞ ☞ 중국 사업 | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.27 | 9600 |
1393 | ☞ ☞ ☞ 앙...으랏차차님 이구나..... | 명노창 | 2001.03.26 | 8437 |
1392 | ☞ ☞ 댐핏대용으로 쓸 수 있는것,,, | 명노창 | 2001.03.26 | 8340 |
1391 | ☞ photo of my guitar-1 | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.26 | 8957 |
1390 | ☞ 내기타에 문제들..웅수님도 보셔요~ ^^ | 길손입니다. | 2001.03.26 | 8398 |
1389 | photo of my guitar-1 | UraCHaCha | 2001.03.25 | 9872 |
1388 | 자잘한 상처들은 좋아요. | 수 | 2001.03.27 | 12575 |
1387 | ☞ ☞ ☞기타 사느라 장가 포기를 포기.... | 간절한 | 2001.04.01 | 9525 |
1386 | ☞ ☞ 정말 스페인에 가면 바로 살수..... | 간절한 | 2001.03.29 | 8227 |
1385 | ☞ 기타 추천 | 수 | 2001.03.28 | 8341 |
1384 | ☞ 몬테로 부쉐모델 | 명노창 | 2001.03.29 | 9369 |
1383 | 기타 추천 바랍니다. 1 | 박재만 | 2001.03.28 | 7303 |
1382 | 몬테로 부쉐모델 쓰시는 분 안계시나요? | 간절한 | 2001.03.29 | 7277 |
1381 | 안녕하세요 ^^ 제 기타입니다 | 나이스드림 | 2001.03.29 | 9734 |
1380 | [초보]질문있습니다 | 기타치고시퍼 | 2001.03.29 | 8187 |
1379 | 최근에 기타제작 콩쿨이 있었다는데.. | 방문객 | 2001.03.31 | 8188 |
1378 | 국산기타와 외제기타 | 으랏차차 | 2001.03.31 | 8846 |
1377 | 기타제작콩쿨은 아무도 .. | 방문객 | 2001.04.01 | 8972 |
1376 | 30분후 기타 소리가 조아지는데... | 새내기 | 2001.04.02 | 9264 |
1375 | 정말 놀랬습니다 | 기타지존 | 2001.04.03 | 9039 |
1374 | 수제품을 구입하려는데... | 세고비아 | 2001.04.03 | 9564 |
1373 | 험프리, 밀레니움 모델, 경사진 앞판 디자인. | 서정실 | 2001.04.07 | 9801 |
1372 | 두분 의견 감사드립니다. | 길벗맨 | 2001.04.06 | 10272 |
1371 | ☞ 가오리가 쓰는 기타가? | 왕초보 | 2001.04.05 | 9205 |
1370 | 세고비아의 기타. | 수 | 2001.04.05 | 12765 |
1369 | 안토니오 마린 몬테로에 관한 나의 견해 | 길벗맨 | 2001.04.05 | 11194 |
1368 | ☞ 군대에서 있었던 추억담~ 기타이야기^^;; | 딴따라~! | 2001.04.06 | 9999 |
1367 | 나의 기타 | 수집걸 | 2001.04.06 | 8925 |
1366 | 군대에서 있었던 추억담~ 기타이야기^^;; | 정성민 | 2001.04.06 | 9098 |
1365 | 가격대별 기타 사진(headstock, rosette, label) | 고정석 | 2001.04.08 | 10707 |
1364 | 유명악기에 대한 평이 엇갈리는건... 1 | 수 | 2001.04.09 | 7956 |
1363 | 질문요. 1 | 방문객 2 | 2001.04.08 | 7801 |
1362 | ☞ Ruck 애기가 나오길래. 2 | 서정실 | 2001.04.09 | 10153 |
1361 | 무대용과 녹음용 악기의 차이?? 4 | 일랴나 | 2001.04.09 | 9800 |
1360 | 카즈오 사또 시몬(?)에 대해 알고싶습니다. 5 | 청년 | 2001.04.10 | 6999 |
1359 | 30분전에 준비된 소리가... | 새내기 | 2001.04.10 | 8957 |
1358 | 가즈오 사또 3 | 강명구 | 2001.04.12 | 10558 |
1357 | 아름다운 CF 한편... | 木香 | 2001.04.13 | 11614 |
1356 | 연주회합니다~ 3 | 정호중 | 2001.04.14 | 9245 |
1355 | 김희주양 클래식기타독주회(현 서울음대2년재학중) 1 | guitar~ | 2001.04.16 | 9135 |
1354 | 50호정도의 기타를 구입하려는데 조언을 17 | 오원근 | 2001.04.18 | 9325 |
1353 | 고노와 사쿠라이의 가격 2 | 기타좋아 | 2001.04.19 | 12217 |
1352 | 네크의 두께.. 2 | 으랏차차 | 2001.04.20 | 10107 |
1351 | 기타케이스...skb 2 | 목향. | 2001.04.22 | 10987 |
1350 | 기타 머리 11 | Lacote | 2001.04.26 | 9995 |
1349 | 제 생각엔요.. | 형서기 | 2001.05.03 | 13431 |
1348 | ☞ 써봤습니당. 엄씨가문의 기타를!!!보았습니당. 엄씨가문의 기타를!!! | 간절한 | 2001.05.03 | 10340 |
1347 | 해드가 신기하게 생겨서... 4 | 목향 | 2001.04.30 | 10495 |
1346 | ☞ 현재 사용중입니다. 평이라...글쎄요.. 4 | 꼬 | 2001.05.03 | 12250 |
1345 | 엄씨 가문의 기타에 관한 냉철한 평을 부탁드립니다. 15 | 남경민 | 2001.05.02 | 10398 |
1344 | 기타내부에 칠을 하면... | 수 | 2001.05.06 | 13426 |
1343 | 기타도료에 관한 사소한 질문입니당-특히 수님께 여쭙니다용??? 3 | 간절한 | 2001.05.05 | 7763 |
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